P. 4-15
HISTORY OF THE MINERALOGY DEPARTMENT AND ITS MOST SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENTS
(TO THE 150th ANNIVERSARY SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT)
O. Matkovskyi, L. Skakun
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua lzskakun@gmail.com
The history of the Mineralogy Department of Lviv University since its formation in 1864 is briefly described, as well as its most significant achievements. The most active stage of its development is associated with the post-war, Soviet and Ukrainian periods. Such major achievements of the Department are noted: active preparation of geological experts of different scientific directions, particularly in mineralogy, mineralogical crystallography and geochemistry; development and publication of educational materials (books, textbooks, teaching materials, etc.); training of highly qualified personnel through graduate school; multidisciplinary research work of mineralogical, crystallographic, geochemical and crystallochemical directions; active participation in the organization and publication of the first in Ukraine scientific publication “Mineralogical Review”; actively involved in the expansion and the acquisition of the status of an independent unit of the Mineralogical Museum; active participation in scientific forums at various levels.
Key words: Department of Mineralogy, “Mineralogical Review”, Mineralogical Museum, Faculty of Geology, University of Lviv.
P. 16-24
RESEARCH OF NATURAL DIAMONDS IN THE LVIV UNIVERSITY
(ON THE 80th ANNIVERSARY OF PROF. Z. BARTOSHYNSKYI)
S. Bekesha
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua
The stages of natural diamonds researches in Lviv University have been analyzed. Significant contribution of professor Z. Bartoshynskyi to the study of diamonds has been remarked. The main achievements of specialists from Department of Mineralogy and Department of Experimental Physics (Ivan Franko National University of Lviv) in the study of crystal morphology and physical properties of natural diamonds have been summarized.
Special attention is paid to the research of diamonds by X-ray luminescence and photoluminescence, as well as their optical properties. The studies of coloured characteristics of natural diamonds, conducted together with the experts from the Institute of Geochemistry and Physics of Minerals of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, were determined. Correlation between colour and morphology of crystals, as well as colour differences between diamonds from different sources were established.
The research results of volatile components of the deposits of diamonds in Yakutia and Arkhangelsk region, conducted together with experts from the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of NAS of Ukraine, are summarized. The statistical significance of the material that has been used in forecasting and genetic constructs is emphasized.
Lviv University researchers of diamonds were the first in the former USSR who issued passports of the kimberlite pipes (in deposits of Arkhangelsk region) by the complex of mineralogical properties of diamonds.
Key words: diamond, goniometry, morphology, luminescence, volatile components, professor Z. Bartoshynskyi, Lviv University.
P. 25-32
MINERALOGY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD MINERALOGY
H. Kulchytska1, V. Pavlyshyn2
1M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NASU,
34, Acad. Palladin Av., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: kulchec@igmof.gov.ua
2Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv,
90, Vasylkivska St., 01022 Kyiv, Ukraine
Since 1959, after the establishment of the International Mineralogical Association (ІMA), approval of new types of minerals is controlled by specially created commissions under ІMA. Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) streamlined variety of mineral names, open synchronously in different countries, and adopted the rules for the registration of new species. СNMNС is also engaged in discrediting understudied minerals, nomenclature and classification of minerals in large groups. Despite the fact that СNMNС developments are not mandatory, Ukrainian mineralogists have to know them to be among the pioneers of minerals.
According to CNMNC only 12 new minerals have been registered on the territory of Ukraine (one of them – in the meteorite). This is considerably less than in Western neighbors and even many former Soviet republics. The leaders are the United States and Russia, as well as Germany, Sweden, Australia and Japan, the total contribution which is half of the currently known minerals. Backlog of Ukraine is due to the lack of modern analytical equipment, although even in such circumstances domestic mineralogists rapidly replenish minerals database of Ukraine. There is enough background and reserves in order to fund new discoveries even global database.
The territory of Ukraine, in particular, the territory of the Ukrainian shield, is quite unique from the point of view of mineralogy. For example, almost all known shield deposits of rare metals are non-traditional because minerals-carriers of the useful metal in them are minerals, which are usually minor or not at all known in the world's deposits of similar type (britholite, allanite, Ce-fergusonite, etc.). According to scientists, the provision of new mineral species, first of all, should be expected among the “deficit” for the Ukrainian bowels classes, namely: vanadates, arsenates, phosphates, borates and minerals of Se, I, Br, Cl, Rb, Hf, Ga.
In recent years, the annual number of approved new minerals in general is growing because new devices allow us to identify new minerals of smaller size. Recent discoveries of new minerals are mainly associated with either mineral inclusions in crystals-the owners, or with the crystalline phases in the amorphous mixtures. For us it means that not all is lost.
Key words: mineral, International Mineralogical Association, nomenclature of minerals, database, Ukraine.
P. 33-38
MINERALOGICAL RESEARCHES IN THE LITHOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES OF NASU
M. Kovalchuk, H. Kompanets, L. Figura, Yu. Kroshko, О. Usminska
Institute of Geological Sciences of NASU,
55b, Oles Honchar St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: kms1964@ukr.net; liuba_figura@ukr.net; tamagoji.79@mail.ru; babaski@ukr.net
The main trends and results of mineralogical studies held in the Lithology Department of the Institute of Geological Sciences of NASU are described. In addition to lithologic scientific researches such trends as sedimentary-lithogenetic mineralogy and geochemistry; typomorphism of minerals; biomineralogy; mineralogical mapping; searching mineralogy and searching geochemistry are developing. Employees of the Department form the basis of the branch of the Ukrainian Mineralogical Society at the Institute. The main objects of the mineralogical studies are native gold and its varieties, native copper and copper-containing minerals, ilmenite, secondary minerals, sulphide, siliceous and phosphorite nodules. There are some achievements for manganese mineralisation in sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary complexes of the Ukrainian Carpathians.
Important results have been obtained in respect of typomorphic features of native gold from sedimentary formations of Ukraine: we investigated typomorphism of gold and gold-bearing mineral assemblages, typomorphism of composition, structure, morphology of gold, inclusions in gold. The geochemistry of gold in the processes of hypergenesis, sedimentogenesis and lithogenesis has been actively studied. Significant material accumulated on the typomorphic features of native gold from ore occurrences and deposits of Middle-Dnieper greenstone complexes.
Copper-bearingness of red terrigenous subformations of Predobruja depression (Upper Jurassic), Pre-Carpathian foredeep (Lower Miocene) and Lviv Paleozoic depression (Lower Devonian) has been investigated. Now we research stratiform and superposed copper mineralization in arid formational complexes of Donbas. The peculiarities of the chemical composition of native copper from the volcanics of Ukraine and Komandorski Islands, as well as the morphology, anatomy and chemical composition of copper nugget from Vendian volcanic rocks of the Volyno-Podillya have been researched.
Such scientific areas as sedimentary-lithogenetic mineralogy and geochemistry, typomorphism of minerals, biomine¬ra¬logy, mineralogical mapping of prospective sites, prospecting mineralogy, which are developed in the Lithology Department, are an integral part of modern lithological studies.
Key words: mineralogical researches, Department of Lithology, Institute of Geological Sciences, gold, copper, ilmenite, nodules.
P. 39-61
ON THE ORIGIN OF KIMBERLITES AND DIAMONDS PRESENT THEREIN
V. Vasilenko, L. Kuznetsova, A. Tolstov, V. Minin
V. S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of SB RAS,
3, Acad. Koptyug Av., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
E-mail: vasilenko@igm.nsc.ru; tols61@mail. ru; minin@igm.nsc.ru
Hypotheses of diamond and kimberlite formation are tested with regard to correlations of rock compositions and accessory minerals. The mean chemical compositions of kimberlites from Yakutian diamond fields and their diamond contents are compared with the mean compositions of pyropes and picroilmenites included there. The comparison shows that major parameters of kimberlite composition variability and diamond contents correlate with pyrope and picroilmenite compositions. It is concluded that pyropes, diamonds, and major minerals of kimberlites, determining the bulk rock composition, are comagmatic. The study comprises data on diamond fields in Yakutia, including kimberlite pipes Botuobinskaya, Nyurbinskaya, Internatsionalnaya, Mir, Aikhal, Yubileinaya, Sytykanskaya, Udachnaya-West, Udachnaya-East, and Zapolyarnaya. The database on rock chemical compositions includes over 7 000 analyses, of which 1 976 are supplemented with data on diamond contents and 1 529 neutron activation chromium assays. The bulked pyrope composition database includes 1 491 microprobe analyses. Picroilmenite compositions are characterized by 986 microprobe analyses. Data from the literature on the disagreement between the ages of kimberlites and inclusions in diamonds are considered. It is demon-strated for the first time that Nd isotope ratios are altered by hydrothermal metasomatism of kimberlites; thus, the current age estimates are dubious. To confirm the conclusions, we present new data on the comparison of variation coefficients for major oxides in 25 igneous rock associations with those of rocks of the kimberlite association differently altered by secondary processes.
Key words: diamond, inclusion, kimberlite, chemical composition, diamond content, pyrope, correlation, comagmaticity.
P. 62-74
MINERALOGICAL FEATURES OF ANCIENT CRUSTS OF WEATHERING
IN CONNECTION WITH DIAMOND PROSPECTING WORKS
M. Zinchuk
West-Yakut Scientific Centre of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Academy of Sciences,
4/1, Lenin St., 678170 Myrnyi, RF
E-mail: nnzinchuk@rambler.ru
Complex researches of Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous and Middle–Late Triassic crusts of weathering on various rocks (terrigenous-carbonate formations, dolerites, tuffs, tuffaceous formations and kimberlites) indicates that corresponding formations of crusts of weathering have been generated under conditions of warm humid climate.
Complex multi-component composition of the source rocks in the ancient crusts of weathering on the Siberian platform (except terrigenous-carbonate formations) that contained di- and trioctahedral minerals with three- and divalent rock-forming elements resulted in slow conversion of primary material. Therefore, the formation of the crusts of weathering sections was often interrupted in the initial stages. The development of incomplete profiles of weathering is primarily associated with a weak take-out from primary minerals divalent cations. Thanks to this, newly formed phases were dioctahedral and often kept a mixed composition of structural cations.
Pelitic component prevails in the products of weathering. Mixed-layered formations (depending on the nature of the source of the minerals from which they arose) inherent in different types of packages intercalation and different chemical composition in the same type of these phases; that is one of the important morphological grounds. In particular, mixed-layered formations vermiculite–montmorillonite are common in the rocks where there are no mica-type minerals, and among three-layered varieties vermiculite happens mostly. Mixed-layered formations montmorillonite–hydromica confined to rocks that contain three-layered-type minerals with potassium in the interlayer spaces, that is typically micaceous type. Specified mixed-layered phase in the crust of weathering of kimberlites significantly differs from those in the altered terrigenous-carbonate rocks for crystallochemical characteristics. Such peculiarities are the important features of kimberlitic products of weathering.
Established typomorphic differences in composition of each type of crust of weathering may be successfully used when upgrading technique of diamond prospecting works.
Key words: crust of weathering, terrigenous-carbonate rocks, dolerites, tuffs, tuffaceous for-mations, kimberlites, prospecting works, diamond.
P. 75-79
ACCESSORY MINERALS AND POTENTIAL ORE CONTENT OF GEOLOGICAL BODIES
O. Chepizhko, V. Kadurin
I. I. Mechnikov National University of Odesa,
2, Dvoryanska St., 65082 Odesa, Ukraine
E-mail: avchep@i.ua
It is important to use the information on accessory minerals for correlation of “barren” series, the reconstruction of the metamorphic rocks original composition and petrogenetic process, evaluation of the potential ore-bearing of concrete objects. The methods of calculation of different group accessory minerals paragenetic associations and generational analysis of zircon are the basis of this information interpretation. The theoretical basis of these methods is the ontogeny and phylogeny of the minerals.
The associations of accessory minerals, their composition and properties can serve as a reliable criterion of the mode of formation of granitoids. Generations of zircon, apatite, monazite (early and late magmatic, pegmatitic, pneumatolytic and hydrothermal) that formed at appropriate stages of rock formation are clearly defined among the accessory minerals. Quantitative calculation of typomorphic synpetrogenic associations of accessory minerals, as well as quantitative ratio of generating types of the most common accessory minerals provide an opportunity to reconstruct a common genetic pattern of a geological object. The composition of autometasomatic typomorphic associations of accessory minerals indicates the composition of the alleged mineralization associated with post-magmatic stage of the geological body formation. Significantly clarified the relationship between the prevalence of certain minerals and features of mineral-forming environment.
The algorithm for solving the issue of potential ore-bearing specific geological bodies has been proposed. The method makes it possible to determine the nature and type of mineralization, and in conjunction with information obtained during geologic mapping, – to define the territory for useful components searches. Analysis of quantitative-genetic interpretation of information on accessory minerals allows predicting the potential ore content of plutonic rocks at the stage of geological survey.
Key words: accessory minerals, genetic mineralogy, ore content, granitoids, Ukrainian Shield.
P. 80-89
MAIN MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES OF ZIRCON CRYSTALS FROM TWO-FELDSPAR GRANITOIDS
OF MIDDLE-DNIEPER MEGABLOCK OF THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD
O. Ponomarenko, S. Kurylo, O. Kovalenko
M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NASU,
34, Acad. Palladin Av., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: pan@igmof.gov.ua kurylo.sergiy@yandex.ru
We describe the main morphological types of zircon crystals from the main petrotypes of granitoids from Kudashivskyi, Tokivskyi, Orilskyi and Mokromoskovskyi massifs of Middle-Dnieper megablock (Ukrainian Shield). The number of zircon, as in most of the granitoids, gradually decreases from the early crystallization products until late. Several generations of zircon have been discovered in granites, which indicate a temporary inability in crystal formation. The zircon crystals have typical for granitoids prismatic habitus, their outline is prismatic and elongated-prismatic.
Complex heterogeneous structure of the majority of crystals has been defined (the presence of membranes with magmatic zoning and ancient cores of idiomorphic and ellipsoidal shapes). They formed during the magmatic stage of magmatic melt crystallization, much less – during pegmatite-pneumatolytic stage.
Key words: zircon, generational analysis, the core of the crystal, two-feldspar granitoids, Middle-Dnieper megablock, Ukrainian Shield.
P. 90-102
RADIATION-OXIDIZED IRON IN THE STRUCTURE OF TOURMALINE AND ITS THERMOSTABILITY
V. Ivanytskyi, O. Grechanovska, O. Bryk, E. Pol'shyn, Yu. Galaburda
M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NASU,
34, Acad. Palladin Av., 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
Е-mail: e.grechanovskaya@gmail.com
Influence of γ-radiation and subsequent heat treatment at the state of iron in the structure and cell parameters of tourmaline have been studied by methods of Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. It has been shown that irradiation of tourmaline stimulates radiation-chemical oxida-tion of iron. This process is accompanied by anisotropic reduction of cell parameters, size of octahedral, ordering of structure and growth of its defect formation. Annealing of irradiated tourmaline up to 500 °C gives rise to reactions recovery of radiation-oxidized iron and increases its concentrations to level close to non-irradiated sample. Recovery of iron is accompanied by the growth of the cell parameters, size of octahedral and ordering of its structure. Further annealing of the sample to the temperature of 800 °C causes the significant oxidation of all Fe2+-ions, result-ing in reduced of structure parameters of the tourmaline. These results are useful for diagnostics and determination of the concentrations of radiation-oxidized iron in irradiated tourmaline, improvement of the exploration of the radioactive elements, estimation of protective facilities and natural geological formations which are used for the disposal of radioactive waste.
Key words: tourmaline, schorl, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray, γ-irradiation, cell parameters, radiation-oxidized iron, radioactive elements, radioactive waste.
P. 103-110
THE FIRST OCCURRENCE OF QUSONGITE IN EXPLOSIVE FORMATIONS OF UKRAINE
N. Bilyk, I. Yatsenko, I. Poberezhska, V. Stepanov
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: natbilik@mail.ru
Tungsten carbide – qusongite WC – has been first discovered in explosive formations of the Ukrainian Shield in association with intermetallic alloys and oxygen-free minerals. Qusongite is steel-gray in colour, opaque, with a metallic lustre, has different shapes, grain size is from 0,2 to 0,8 mm; it forms separate crystals and intergrowths with intermetallic compounds. According to the microprobe analysis results, the empirical formula of qusongite – W0,998C1,003. The average value of microhardness is 2 166 kg/mm2 (on the Mohs scale – 9,03). Probably, qusongite and paragenetic compounds have been formed under the mantle conditions; the transportation of material to the surface has been connected with fluidized-explosive processes of mantle type.
Key words: qusongite, intermetallic alloy, diamond, mantle minerals, explosive structure, Ukrainian Shield.
P. 111-117
SULPHATE-SULPHIDE MINERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN THE EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS
N. Slovotenko, L. Skakun
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: nslovotenko@gmail.com
Some aspects of sulphate-sulphide equilibrium are analyzed in the article, which will be interesting for the interpretation of the models of mineral formation at the epithermal deposits. The method of numerical modelling of physical-chemical equilibrium made it possible to discover that barite and sulphides are not formed simultaneously during simple cooling or during mixing of the solutions at the same temperature. It is proved that their co-precipitation mecha-nism requires mixing of the solutions while cooling. The modelling results are presented in the form of well-defined binary diagrams pH–log fO2; these diagrams display the fields of precipi-tated minerals, which can coexist under these conditions.
Key words: barite, sulphides, sulphate-sulphide equilibrium, epithermal system, numerical physical-chemical modelling.
P. 118-125
MINERAL COMPOSITION AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF FLINTS
FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS AND PALAEOGENE DEPOSITS IN BODRAK RIVER BASIN (CRIMEA)
P. Bilonizhka, Yu. Datsyuk
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua
The mineral composition and microstructures of flints (thin layers, nodules and sponge hori-zons in the marls and limestones of the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeogene in Crimea) have been studied on the basis of X-ray and electron microscopic analyzes. It has been found that flint mainly consists of chalcedony and chalcedony with small amount of low-temperature cristobalite. A microtuberous surface of flints is observed with electron scanning microscope. The opal and zeolites in microcaves, as well as fragments of silicon sponges, diatoms, radiolarians and coccoliths have being found. The conclusion is made that the flints are of biological genesis. They have been formed due to silicon organisms whose development has been influenced by volcanic products.
Key words: flint, chalcedony, cristobalite, opal, zeolites, silicon sponges, diatoms, radiolarians, coccoliths, the Upper Cretaceous, Palaeogene, Crimean mountains.
P. 126-133
GENESIS OF LANGBEINITE IN POTASH DEPOSITS OF PRECARPATHIANS
P. Bilonizhka
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua
The origin of langbeinite in the potash deposits of Precarpathians has been studied based on the analysis of literature data and own mineralogical, geochemical, and experimental studies. It is believed that langbeinite crystallizes from salt solutions at 37 °C and above. Such a relatively high temperature in the saline basin is unlikely therefore the existing point of view about its sedimentation or early-diagenetic origin is questionable. The experimental investigations show that the mineral has post-sedimentary origin. Langbeinite is formed on katagenetic stage of potash salts with increase of temperature and pressure during thermo-dynamic meramorphism by kainite, schoenite and leonite. This is confirmed by the definition of its age (K-Ar method). Langbeinite is unstable at the surface, and is replaced (depending on the humidity) by schoenite and epsomite, or leonite and hexahydrite.
Key words: langbeinite, kainite, schoenite, leonite, salt rock, post-sedimentary origin, absolute age, Miocene, Precarpathians.
P. 134-154
HYDROCARBONS OF FLUID INCLUSIONS IN MINERALS OF OIL AND GAS BEARING COMPLEXES
OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS KROSNO ZONE (STATE AND PRIORITIES OF INVESTIGATIONS)
І. Naumko, H. Zankovych
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of NAS of Ukraine,
3а, Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: igggk@mail.lviv
The results of rocks and fluid inclusions mineralogical-geochemical features investigations in the Ukrainian Carpathians Krosno zone have been analyzed and summarized. Hydrocarbon compounds are much common as the part of the migrating fluids in the inclusions. Their influence on the oil- and gas-containing rocks post-sedimentary changes manifested in the transformation of the host rocks minerals and forming of vein-disseminated mineralization. It is concluded that it is important to research the vein-disseminated mineralization to recreate the conditions of deep mineral-fluid genesis, its influence on the synthesis and the genesis of hydrocarbons, their migration and localization in deposits under favourable conditions. The most important problems that are solved by the fluid inclusions in minerals researches are: the definition of temperature, pressure and fluid composition, their genesis, the restoration of migration routes and the construction of the scheme of fluids evolution to create a model of post-sedimentary minerogenesis involvinghydrocarbon substances. This will help to identify physical and chemical nature and the spatio-temporal sequence of hydrocarbon-containing fluids displays in the rocks of Folding Ukrainian Carpathians Krosno zone, which is promising for oil and gas. In particular this applies to its north-western part, on the extension of which in Poland number of oil and gas deposits have been discovered.
Key words: fluid inclusions, hydrocarbons, vein-disseminated mineralization, minerogenesis, Krosno zone, Ukrainian Carpathians.
P. 155-165
SOLID NATURAL BITUMEN AS INDICATORS OF SECONDARY HALLO
FORMED DURING HYDROCARBON METASOMATISM
V. Guliy, Н. Petruniak, І. Poberezhska
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
E-mail: vgul@ukr.net
The results of studying the spatial distribution of solid bitumens in the Ukrainian Carpathians, their compositions, and peculiarities of their formation are given in the article. Solid bitumens are known since the Middle centuries in the paper manuscripts of the Europe due to their medicine peculiarities and candle materials. At that time and relatively later importance of the solid bitumens was even higher than oil. Now the solid bitumens are popular objects for mineralogical and exploration studies and their deposits are famous touristic places.
Ozocerite veins, surface flows of asphalts and near surface oil flows have close genetic relationships. Ozocerite deposits are spatially connected to hydrocarbons fields and together they are limited by margins of oil and gas provinces. The location of the solid bitumens in the “gas columns” (which have been formed during the evolution of deep hydrocarbon flows and interaction with crustal rocks through which migrate these flows) has been analyzed.
Authors estimated perspectives of utilization of spatial and genetic similarities in distribution of different kinds of the solid bitumens and hydrocarbons fields. It gives possibilities to create new methods of oil and gas industrial deposits exploration. Close relationships of the solid bitumens and hydrocarbon deposits are a good indicator of hydrocarbons evolution in time to get knowledge on their formation from moment of bitumens condensation from the deep flows up to its location on different levels of the Earth crust.
Permanent spatial association solid bitumens with industrial important hydrocarbons concentrations and global character of bitumens founds is evidence of their genetic relationships and suggestion on their practical utilization for exploration of a big in size hydrocarbon fields. It is necessary in future to study locations of different solid bitumens in the “gas columns” to determine present erosion levels to get evidences on distribution of perspective great objects.
Key words: solid bitumen, gas column, hydrocarbons flows, hydrocarbon metasomatism, Ukrainian Carpathians.
P. 166-183
ONTOGENETIC MODEL OF THERMAL-KARST CAVES FORMATION AND THEIR AGGREGATE FRAMING
IN MIRABILITE-THENARDITE DEPOSITS FROM SECONDARY BRINES OF PRECARPATHIANS POTASH DEPOSITS
V. Dyakiv, I. Kytsmur, О. Маtkovskyi
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
4, Hrushevskyi St., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Е-mail: dyakivw@yahoo.com
Production of potash ores in the last 150 years within Stebnytske and Kalush-Golynske deposits resulted in a substantial anthropogenic changes of the geological environment. In recent years, this has led to complicate environmental conditions in cities Kalush and Stebnyk. That is why the complex investigations of mirabilite-thenardite deposits from secondary brines of the salt dumps and tailings of Stebnytske and Kalush-Golynske potash deposits (Precarpathians) have been accomplished.
Due to infiltration of brine from salt dumps and tailings dams on their slopes in the cold seasons thick series of mirabilite are deposited, in summer it turns into the thenardite (dehydration), and in the case of prolonged rainfall sometimes completely dissolves.
Unique postsedimentary changes led to the karst phenomena under the influence of mineral-formation environment temperature changes: thermokarst – the development of karst process due to thermal changes, which lead to the loss of minerals sustainable properties (i.e. dissolution or melting in a temperature range) and the formation of cavities and sinter aggregates. They are marked by the different ontogenetic variations of sinter mineral aggregates.
Holistic ontogenetic model of mirabilite-thenardite mineral aggregates has been developed, and patterns of their origin, growth, recrystallization, melting and dissolution have been defined. Made ontogenic studies have revealed new patterns of origin, growth and recrystallization of mirabilite in the winter and melting, dehydration and dissolution with the transformation in thenardite in spring–summer and summer–autumn periods.
Key words: mirabilite, thenardite, thermokarst, secondary brines, sinter mineral aggregates, ontogenetic model, potash deposit, Precarpathians.
P.184-195
YEVHEN LAZARENKO EIGHTH SCIENTIFIC READINGS “MINERALOGY: PRESENT AND FUTURE”
(DEDICATED TO THE 150th ANNIVERSARY OF THE MINERALOGY DEPARTMENT AT LVIV UNIVERSITY FOUNDING)
O. Matkovskyi, I. Mysyak, Ye. Slyvko
P. 196-199
ACADEMICIAN MYKOLA PETROVYCH SHCHERBAK (ON HIS 90th BIRTHDAY)